iWork Formulas & Functions
Posted in Label: ebook | 19.41
iWork comes with more than 250 functions you can use
to simplify statistical, financial, engineering, and other
computations. The built-in Function Browser gives you
a quick way to learn about functions and add them to a
formula....
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Visualisasi data print
Posted in Label: ebook | 19.28
Grafik merupakan sarana yang paling mudah bagi
seorang analis data untuk menyampaikan informasi
kepada penggunanya. Hal ini, karena visualisasi
objek dan warna memang lebih menarik bila
dibandingkan dengan deretan angka.
Oleh karena pentingnya visualisasi ini maka
buku ”VISUALISASI DATA dengan R GRAPHIC” ini kami
susun sebagai sebuah alternatif pendamping agar para
analis data dan para pengguna statistik dapat dengan
mudah melakukan proses pengolahan data sederhana
namun dengan hasil yang menarik dan bermakna
dengan software open source seperti R.
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Networks & Netwars (The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy)
Posted in Label: ebook | 19.17
The fight for the future makes daily headlines. Its battles are not between
the armies of leading states, nor are its weapons the large, expensive
tanks, planes, and fleets of regular armed forces. Rather, the
combatants come from bomb-making terrorist groups like Osama
bin Laden’s al-Qaeda, drug smuggling cartels like those in Colombia
and Mexico, and militant anarchists like the Black Bloc that ran amok
during the Battle of Seattle. Other protagonists are civil-society activists
fighting for democracy and human rights—from Burma to the
Balkans. What all have in common is that they operate in small, dispersed
units that can deploy nimbly—anywhere, anytime. They know
how to penetrate and disrupt, as well as elude and evade. All feature
network forms of organization, doctrine, strategy, and technology attuned
to the information age. And, from the Intifadah to the drug war,
they are proving very hard to beat; some may actually be winning.
This is the story we tell.....
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Programming language
Posted in Label: computing | 06.17
programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.
The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year. Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description.

In computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture. The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language andmachine language; because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware."
Low-level languages can be converted to machine code without using a compiler or interpreter, and the resulting code runs directly on the processor. A program written in a low-level language can be made to run very fast, and with a very small memory footprint; an equivalent program in a high-level language will be more heavyweight. Low-level languages are simple, but are considered difficult to use, due to the numerous technical details which must be remembered.
First generation
The first-generation programming language, or 1GL, is machine code. It is the only language a microprocessor can process directly without a previous transformation. Currently, programmers almost never write programs directly in machine code, because it requires attention to numerous details which a high-level language would handle automatically, and also requires memorizing or looking up numerical codes for every instruction that is used. For this reason, second generation programming languages provide one abstraction level on top of the machine code.
8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383 FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000 B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98B C84AEBF1 5BC3
Second generation
The second-generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language. It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a microprocessor's native language, an assembly language programmer must still understand the microprocessor's unique architecture (such as its registers and instructions). These simple instructions are then assembled directly into machine code. The assembly code can also be abstracted to another layer in a similar manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code.
Example: The same Fibonacci number calculator as above, but in x86 assembly language using MASM syntax:
fib: mov edx, [esp+8] cmp edx, 0 ja @f mov eax, 0 ret @@: cmp edx, 2 ja @f mov eax, 1 ret @@: push ebx mov ebx, 1 mov ecx, 1 @@: lea eax, [ebx+ecx] cmp edx, 3 jbe @f mov ebx, ecx mov ecx, eax dec edx jmp @b @@: pop ebx retList of programming languages by category
1 Array languages
2 Aspect-oriented languages
3 Assembly languages
4 Authoring languages
5 Command line interface languages
6 Compiled languages
7 Concurrent languages
8 Brace languages
9 Dataflow languages
10 Data-oriented languages
11 Data-structured languages
12 Declarative languages
13 Esoteric languages
14 Extension languages
15 Fourth-generation languages
16 Functional languages
16.1 Pure
16.2 Impure
17 Interactive mode languages
18 Interpreted languages
19 Iterative languages
20 List-based languages – LISPs
21 Little languages
22 Logic-based languages
23 Machine languages
24 Macro languages
25 Metaprogramming languages
26 Multiparadigm languages
27 Numerical analysis
28 Non-English-based languages
29 Object-oriented class-based languages
29.1 Multiple dispatch
29.2 Single dispatch
30 Object-oriented prototype-based languages
31 Off-side rule languages
32 Procedural languages
33 Reflective languages
34 Rule-based languages
35 Scripting languages
36 Stack-based languages
37 Synchronous languages
38 Syntax handling languages
39 Visual languages
40 Wirth languages
41 XML-based languages
2000s
Year![]() | Name![]() | Chief developer, Company![]() | Predecessor(s)![]() |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
2000 | Joy | von Thun | FP, Forth |
2000 | D | Walter Bright, Digital Mars | C, C++, C#, Java |
2000 | XL | Christophe de Dinechin | Ada, C++, Lisp |
2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA) | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 |
2000 | Ferite | Chris Ross | C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme |
2001 | AspectJ | Xerox PARC | Java |
2001 | Processing | Casey Reas and Ben Fry | Processing |
2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self, NewtonScript |
2003 | Nemerle | University of Wrocław | C#, ML, MetaHaskell |
2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | * |
2004 | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | * |
2004 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python, C# |
2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
2004 | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology | Lisp |
2005 | F# | Don Syme, Microsoft Research | Objective Caml, C#, Haskell |
2006 | Links | Philip Wadler, University of Edinburgh | Haskell |
2006 | Cobra | ChuckEsterbrook | Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C |
2006 | Kite | Mooneer Salem | * |
2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL |
2006 | OptimJ | Ateji | Java |
2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
2007 | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
2007 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang |
2007 | Oberon-07 | Wirth [1] | Oberon |
2008 | Pure | Albert Gräf | Q |
2009 | Seccia | Sylvain Seccia | * |
2009 | Go | C, Oberon, Limbo | |
2009 | CoffeeScript | Jeremy Ashkenas | JavaScript, Ruby, Python |
2010 | Fancy | Christopher Bertels | Smalltalk, Ruby, Erlang |
Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |